Alloys Wiki

一种

Aluminum alloy is a type of metallic substance that primarily consists of the alloy aluminum and may also contain other chemical contents like: 铜, 镁, 锰, 硅, or zinc. The specific composition and relative proportions of these elements determine the particular type of alloy. The normal grades are 1050, 1060, 1070, 1350, 3003, 等等.

年级 1060 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in thecommercially purewrought family (1000 or 1xxx series).

Base copper describes the copper layer on the raw circuit board base material in the delivery state. This forms the starting point for later copper structures. It is common, for example, to start with standard 35um with a base copper of 18um. The missing 17um are built up by through-plating and amplification. Base copper thicknesses of 18um, 35一, and 50um are common for rigid circuit boards. For thick copper boards, even higher base copper is sometimes used. For flexible printed circuit boards, 12一, 18一, and 35um are common.

C

Unlike pure copper, copper alloys are complex formulations of metal with a copper base and alloy elements such as nickel, 铝, 硅, tin, and zinc in varying concentrations that give the alloy desired properties.

Grade C1100 pure copper is universal for electrical industries and has a minimum conductivity rating of 100% IACS and is required to be 99.90% pure.

Grade C1100 copper foil strip is made by rolling copper to a very thin thickness (介于 0.0015 毫米和 0.3 毫米之间) 然后根据所需厚度进行冷轧或热轧. 这之后可以进行退火 (更大的灵活性) 并进一步加工成带绝缘材料的带或层压板.

Grade C1100 pure copper foils are used in dry-type transformers and small transformers, 它们与绝缘材料缠绕在一起.

D

Stainless steel density signifies the mass of the substance within a given unit of volume.

该特性是不锈钢的一个特征, 其密度通常介于 7.6 克/立方厘米和 8.0 克/立方厘米.

不锈钢是一种广泛使用的材料,由最少的成分组成 10.5% 铬, 与其他元素一起形成其独特的结构.

这些组件包括碳, 硅, 锰, 磷, 硫, 镍, 钼, 钛和铜. 这种钢以其卓越的强度和卓越的耐腐蚀性而闻名.

化学成分及其比例的变化决定了不同不锈钢牌号的不同密度.

在不锈钢牌号中, 304 和316L是最常用的不同密度的材料.

最后, 不锈钢重量的计算方式不同 304 和 316 不锈钢.

铝及其合金密度低; 所以, 它在航空工业中应用最广泛. 由于其独特的性能, 铝的应用范围很广. 铝的密度为 2.71 克/立方厘米或 2710 公斤/立方米, 它是 1/3 of the stainless steel.

由于密度差异, 铝合金比不锈钢轻,但强度却相差不远.

DIN is the German industry standard.

A mechanical property of metal that is the degree to which a material may be bent, stretched, or compressed before it ruptures. It is a point between tensile strength and yield strength and is expressed as a percentage of the original length.

F

Flexural strength is a term used in statics.

G

GH4169 alloy is a nickel-based superalloy extensively used in the aircraft engine industrybecause of its excellent mechanical properties and good fabrication ability.

The GH4169 alloy could provide operational conditions up to a maximum useful service temperature of about 650 °C to meet the requirements of the rotor components. 例如, a high tensile strength, fracture toughness, oxidation resistance and excellent stress rupture resistance are attained.

H

Hastelloy is a nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloy, mainly divided into the nickel-chromium alloy and nickel-chromium molybdenum alloy two categories.

Hastelloy has good corrosion resistance and thermal stability and is used in the aviation industry and chemical field. Hastelloy plates are suitable for use in a variety of chemical industries containing oxidizing and reducing media.

Application areas, 不锈钢带应用, bellows compensators, 化工设备, flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, paper industry, aerospace applications, acidic environment.

哈氏合金C-276 (美国N10276 / W.Nr. 2.4819) 是一种非常常用的镍铬钼合金. 高温合金之中, 它以其高钼含量而闻名.

第一的, 作为耐腐蚀元素, 钼为合金带来非常高的抗还原腐蚀能力. 通过与镍和铬结合, 哈氏合金 C-276 具有非常好的整体耐腐蚀性. 与不锈钢相比, 其在含氯化物溶液中优异的抗应力腐蚀开裂性能是不可替代的.

其次, 钼、钨元素的固溶强化效果非常明显, 它们为哈氏合金 C-276 合金带来非常高的强度. 与其他镍合金一样, 哈氏合金C-276具有良好的延展性. 易于成型和焊接.

Hastelloy C-276 合金非常适合气熔电弧 (GMA/ME), 钨极气体保护电弧 (热电偶/TIG) 和屏蔽金属电弧 (SMA/棒) 焊接工艺. 哈氏合金 C-276 非常适合海洋应用. 其耐腐蚀性能使其可长期抵抗流动海水中的各种腐蚀性物质. 然而, 哈氏合金C-276在高温下也具有良好的综合性能. 非常适用于各种腐蚀性化学品的制备设备或各种酸性物质的反应器.

HASTELLOY® C-22® alloy (UNS N06022) 是众所周知且经过充分验证的镍铬钼材料之一, 其主要特性是耐氧化性和非氧化性化学品, 和防止点蚀, 缝隙攻击, 和应力腐蚀开裂.

其高铬含量提供了比家庭标准更高的抗氧化性介质, C-276合金, 并对氯化物引起的点蚀具有出色的抵抗力, 一种阴险且不可预测的攻击形式, 不锈钢容易出现哪些问题.

与其他镍合金一样, HASTELLOY® C-22® alloy is very ductile, 表现出优异的可焊性, 并且很容易制造成工业部件. 它以板的形式提供, 床单, 带子, 钢坯, 酒吧, 电线, 201J1不锈钢带碳含量略高于201J4,铜含量低于201J4, 管, 和覆盖电极. 典型的化学加工工业 (消费者物价指数) 应用包括反应堆, 不锈钢带应用, 和列.

Alloy hardness is a characteristic that determines the surface wear and abrasive resistance. The ability of a material to resist denting from impact is related to hardness as well as a material’s ductility.

一般来说, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as sodium and metallic tin, or wood and common plastics.

I

因科镍合金 are oxidation-corrosion-resistant materials well suited for service in extreme environments subjected to pressure and heat.

When heated, Inconel forms a thick, stable, passivating oxide layer protecting the surface from further attack.

Inconel retains strength over a wide temperature range, attractive for high temperature applications where aluminum and steel would succumb to creep as a result of thermally induced crystal vacancies. Inconel’s high temperature strength is developed by solid solution strengthening or precipitation hardening, depending on the alloy.

Inconel alloys are typically used in high temperature applications.

Common trade names for Inconel alloys include: 铬镍铁合金 625, 铬镍铁合金 718, 铬镍铁合金 X-750.

Incoloy refers to a range of superalloys produced by the Special Metals Corporation group of companies.

They are mostly nickel-based, and designed for excellent corrosion resistance as well as strength at high temperatures.

Ĵ

Japanese Industrial Standards (日标) are the standards used for industrial activities in Japan, coordinated by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and published by the Japanese Standards Association (JSA). The JISC is composed of many nationwide committees and plays a vital role in standardizing activities across Japan.

M

Monel is a group of nickel alloys, primarily composed of nickel (取决于 67%) 和铜, with small amounts of iron, 锰, 碳, 和硅.

Stronger than pure nickel, Monel alloys are resistant to corrosion by many agents, including rapidly flowing seawater. They can be fabricated readily by hot- and cold-working, machining, and welding.

Monel was created by Robert Crooks Stanley, who worked for the International Nickel Company (INCO) 在 1901. 蒙乃尔合金 400 is a binary alloy of the same proportions of nickel and copper as is found naturally in the nickel ore from the Sudbury (Ontario) mines and is therefore considered a puritan alloy. Monel was named after company president Ambrose Monel, and patented in 1906. One L was dropped, because family names were not allowed as trademarks at that time. The name is now a trademark of Special Metals Corporation.

It is a very expensive alloy, with cost ranging from 5 到 10 times the cost of copper and nickel, hence its use is limited to those applications where it cannot be replaced with cheaper alternatives. Compared to carbon steel, piping in Monel is more than 3 times as expensive.

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ñ

The term nickel alloy refers to a metal that has nickel as one of its primary elements. There are many different nickel alloys, and new ones are being created or developed all the time.

Some types of nickel alloys are referred to as superalloys because of their superior oxidation and creep resistance, allowing them to be used at temperatures of more than half their melting points.

The outer diameter (从) of a hollow circular pipe is the measurement of the outside edges of the pipe passing through its center. The outer diameter of a pipe, together with its wall thickness, are essential to inside diameter calculations.

Pickling is the process used to remove weld heat tinted layers from the surface of stainless steel fabrications.

Q

In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, 气体, 油, polymer, air, or other fluids to obtain certain material properties.

A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring.

It does this by reducing the window of time during which these undesired reactions are both thermodynamically favorable and kinetically accessible; 例如, quenching can reduce the crystal grain size of both metallic and plastic materials, increasing their hardness.

R

不锈钢, also known as Inox, 耐腐蚀钢 (科瑞斯) 和不锈钢, 是一种抗生锈和腐蚀的铁合金. It contains at least 10.5% chromium and usually nickel, and may also contain other elements, such as carbon, to obtain the desired properties. Stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion results from the chromium, which forms a passive film that can protect the material and self-heal in the presence of oxygen. 

The alloy’s properties, such as luster and resistance to corrosion, are useful in many applications. Stainless steel can be rolled into sheets, 盘子, 酒吧, wire, and tubing. These can be used in cookware, cutlery, 手术器械, major appliances, vehicles, construction material in large buildings, industrial equipment (例如, in paper mills, chemical plants, 水处理), and storage tanks and tankers for chemicals and food products.

Different types of stainless steel are labeled with an AISI three-digit number. The ISO 15510 standard lists the chemical compositions of stainless steels of the specifications in existing ISO, 哮喘, 在, 日标, and GB standards in a useful interchange table.

Titanium alloys are alloys that contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile strength and toughness (even at extreme temperatures).

They are light in weight, have extraordinary corrosion resistance and the ability to withstand extreme temperatures.

然而, the high cost of both raw materials and processing limit their use to military applications, 飞机, spacecraft, 自行车, 医疗设备, 珠宝, highly stressed components such as connecting rods on expensive sports cars and some premium sports equipment and consumer electronics.

Althoughcommercially puretitanium has acceptable mechanical properties and has been used for orthopedic and dental implants, for most applications titanium is alloyed with small amounts of aluminium and vanadium, typically 6% 和 4% 分别, by weight. This mixture has a solid solubility which varies dramatically with temperature, allowing it to undergo precipitation strengthening. This heat treatment process is carried out after the alloy has been worked into its final shape but before it is put to use, allowing much easier fabrication of a high-strength product.

U

维氏硬度, a measure of the hardness of a material, calculated from the size of an impression produced under load by a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter.

Devised in the 1920s by engineers at Vickers, 有限公司, in the United Kingdom, the diamond pyramid hardness test, as it also became known, permitted the establishment of a continuous scale of comparable numbers that accurately reflected the wide range of hardnesses found in steels.

X

Grade X22CrMoV12-1 stainless steel is also called 1.4923 不锈钢.

Grade X22CrMoV12-1 stainless steel is a combination of chromium, molibdenium, 钒, nickel elements.

Due to the addition of vanadium it has an increased creep rupture strength. Scale oxide resistance up to approximately 600°C. The corrosion resistance in natural environment is limited due to the relatively low chromium content.

Grade X22CrMoV12-1 stainless steel is widely used in turbine construction, aerospace and for pressure and steam boiler.

Y

Yield strength is defined as the maximum stress material will tolerate before plastic deformation begins.

The term “yield strength” is typically used in the context of ductile materials, or materials that can deform.

Z

irconium alloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy.

Zirconium has very low absorption cross-section of thermal neutrons, 高硬度, ductility and corrosion resistance. One of the main uses of zirconium alloys is in nuclear technology, as cladding of fuel rods in nuclear reactors, especially water reactors.

A typical composition of nuclear-grade zirconium alloys is more than 95 weight percent zirconium and less than 2% of tin, 铌, 铁, 铬, nickel and other metals, which are added to improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

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